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修殿節 Chanukah (上) – 福音證主協會

修殿節 Chanukah (上)

又到聖誕,又到聖誕。。。
相信這個星期,當大家走進購物中心,都會聽到悅耳的聖誕歌曲,一家大小都爭相走到聖誕裝飾前留影。不過,跟聖誕節最有關係的國家–以色列,除了幾個以阿拉伯基督徒居民爲主的城市外,都沒有慶祝聖誕節。今年這個時候,猶太人準備要過另一個很特別的節日–修殿節(chanukah)。2016年的修殿節日期剛剛跟聖誕重叠,12月24號晚上就是節日的開始。

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海法市每年慶祝一個叫 holiday of holidays 的節日,慶祝聖誕節(海法有阿拉伯基督徒)和修殿節。這個是在靠海法港的一個交通迴旋處的裝飾,有和平鴿造型的chanukiah.

修殿節特別於,他並不像住棚節,逾越節等節日,有舊約聖經的律法要求,要守為聖日。他是一個在主前2世紀被猶太拉比定為節期的節日,在每年基斯流月(Kislav)的25日開始慶祝8天。約翰福音10章22節裏提到「在耶路撒冷有修殿節,是冬天的時候。」故此我們可以知道,公元一世紀初猶太人就已經紀念修殿節了。但是當時是全國慶祝?還是只在耶路撒冷慶祝?耶穌時代過修殿節會有什麽習俗?這些我們就不太清楚了。
主前168年,統治猶大地區的希臘政權西流基王朝的安提奧古四世命令猶太人希臘化,強迫猶太人食用豬肉,更把聖殿改爲希臘神廟拜祭宙斯,對不從者格殺勿論。此舉導致了猶太人的馬加比起義。主前165年,起義取得勝利,耶路撒冷被猶太人收復。猶太人淨化聖殿,重建祭壇,並規定了慶祝這一勝利的日期。看來從潔淨聖殿的第二年開始,他們已經紀念修殿節了。

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聖殿裡祭司點燈情況

今天的猶太人都認爲修殿節是要紀念上帝賜下的一個神跡,就是在潔淨聖殿後,祭司要在聖殿重新點燈,但是他們只找到一小瓶只能用一天的橄欖油,製作新油卻需要八天時間。奇蹟發生了,這一小瓶的油竟然足夠他們用八天,直等到準備好新油。修殿節慶祝8天,就是因爲這個典故,也因爲神跡是跟油有關,因此修殿節很多習俗都是跟油有關的,也因此修殿節也可叫光明節。
到底這個神跡真有其事嗎?就是猶太人本身也不肯定!另外一個慶祝8天的可能原因,就是在那一年,因爲西流基王朝的禁令,猶太人沒有辦法過為期八天的住棚節,故以在潔淨聖殿後馬上重過住棚節,作為補償。
修殿節是孩子最喜歡的假日,因爲學生們又放假了,而且長輩都會給孩子額外的零用錢或送禮物。但就業人士則沒有假期,所以又是當父母的最頭疼的時候!由於修殿節算是猶太拉比節日,因此允許點燈,虔誠人也可以開車燒飯,商店照常營業,所以是一個比較熱鬧的節日。

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聖殿金燈臺和修殿節油燈的差別

他們平常藏起來的chanukiah燭臺清潔,準備使用,傳統的chanukiah看起來像金燈臺,細看卻不一樣,因爲聖殿金燈臺有七盞油燈,chanukiah卻有九盞。猶太教對chanukiah沒有嚴格的規定,反正只要能放九個蠟燭或九盞油燈的都可以,所以市面上有各式各樣造型的chanukiah,甚至有一些人專門收藏不同造型的chanukiah。在放假前,幼兒園和學校的老師都會跟孩子一起動手做勞作,自己設計chanukiah,讓孩子帶回家點燈。

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以交通安全為主題的親自chanukiah手工
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朋友的兒子在幼兒園製作的chanukiah, 材料是汽水瓶蓋和垃圾木材。此為修殿節第三天點燈的情況。
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小孩在學校製作的Chanukiah

光明節(修殿節)是要紀念油用了八天的奇跡,那爲什麽chanukiah會有九盞燈呢?原來其中一盞燈代表當年發生奇跡的一瓶油,餘下的八盞就代表八天。光明節强調要把神跡散播,故此,在點燈後,要把燈擺放在外面或窗台上,讓外面的人能夠看到。時到今天,只有虔誠家庭會把燈放外頭,於是就有人想到組織光明節導賞團,帶人到這些虔誠人聚居的小區,看燈之餘也講講這些小區的故事。

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以色列小孩子製作的手工燭臺
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我家的Chanukiah, 是一位叫Emmanuel的藝術家鑄造的, 背景是聖城耶路撒冷

待續……
文字+圖片:陳惠琳,以色列持證導遊
特別鳴謝在以色列朋友楊子,米樂,方青提供DIY燭臺照片
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